Black People and American Dominant Culture Essay

* A sign is anything that could be used to stand for something else. The two parts are a recognizable signifier (form that the sign takes) with a signified (the concept that it represents) 2. According to Howard Zinn, whose voices are the ones often neglected by/ left out of history? * The voices left out are done by those who are not popular, the common man. 3. Zinn discussed the language used in the Declaration of Independence, and that used in the United States Constitution to describe the rights to which everyone is entitled. How do they differ and what greater conflict does this discrepancy represent? * ‘Our people are basically decent and caring, and our highest ideals are expressed in the Declaration of Independence, which says all of us have an equal right to â€Å"life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ * The America that we â€Å"know is a country that had slavery and still has racism, had a president who was seen as a hero who loved war and 4. Describe Ronald Takaki calls the â€Å"Master Narrative† of American history. What two assumptions does this version of American history rely upon, and what problems does this pose for the study of America’s history and contemporary understandings of who/what is American? * Master narrative: the â€Å"power and popular but inaccurate story† declaring that â€Å"our country was settled by European immigrants, and Americans are white. † * A filter through which we learn history * Leaves out all the other cultures that live in America 5. How does James Hoopes define oral history vs. oral tradition? Does American dominant culture have a strong oral tradition? Why/why not? * Oral history: documents collected by tape recorder. Used by social scientists in â€Å"participant observation† studies * Oral tradition: Usual name for verbal stories passed on from one generation to the next 6. What are the strengths/advantages of oral history as a methodology? What are the limitation/weaknesses of oral history? How can these limitations/weaknesses be supported? * Strengths: it can find the point of view of the people who originally had no voice before. It can be used to find more details that may otherwise prove what is traditionally taught as wrong or different. Can be used to make documentation stronger * Weaknesses: Memory is fallible, needs documentation to provide validity, people may lie, bias, only living people, reluctance 7. What group of people was the subject of study in Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold? Why do the authors argue it was important to study these women? Were they part of a political movement? In what way(s) did they contribute to social change in the U. S.? * Subject of study: Working class lesbians from the mid-1930’s to the early 1960’s in Buffalo, New York * The focus revealed the centrality of butch-fem roles. * Women’s openness about their lesbianism was crucial not only to the communities they helped form in their own time but to all lesbian communities which they have provided a model for that have emerged since. * They even go so far as to posit that these older lesbians and their lives constitute a prepolitical stage of the 1970’s gay rights movement. 8. What kinds of challenges did the women in Storming Caesars Palace face growing up in the South? What was the name of the organization that they created and ran together? What kinds of services were they able to make available to residents on the west side of Las Vegas? * The women faced racism, discrimination, lack of jobs, welfare, income, fathers leaving, marriages failing. Women saw marrying early as a way to get out of this but turned out to be wrong. The organization that they created was called Operation Life which created community programs that included a medical center, library, senior citizen housing and daycare. 9. What stereotypes are often associated with those who collect welfare? When welfare was created, who did it primarily benefit? Who was excluded from receiving benefits? * Stereotypes are often associated with poor people, have kids only for more welfare, lazy, can’t find work, too lazy to find work. Cheating the system, getting paid too much. â€Å"driving Cadillacs†, too many kids * Black women were denied birth control, doctors encouraged black women to have sex at a young age * When it was created it primarily benefited the white community (white widows and orphans) *social security and unemployment: excluded domestic work and agricultural) * Blacks were denied welfare (Domestic work and agricultural work) most black women ended up doing those jobs. 10. According to the film Crips and Bloods: Made in America, how have Black men typically been characterized in American dominant culture? How is this reflected by the proportion of Black men in America who end up jailed/imprisoned during their lifetimes? How did those we heard from in the film characterize the penitentiary system and law enforcement efforts to wage a â€Å"war on drugs/crime? † * Black men are typically characterized in American dominant culture as having a tendency to do crime and that the life they live is the life they chose and want. * 1 in 4 black men are incarcerated in their lifetimes in the area. However this isn’t the life that they chose for themselves. The life that the white people, law enforcement has placed upon them forced them into the life that they were trying to avoid. * They said that the â€Å"war on drugs/crime† ended up being a war on black people 11. According to the film, what factors contributed to these rise of urban street gangs in Los Angeles? What kinds of opportunities were not available to young people in these neighborhoods? Why do young people join gangs, and what do they get out of being in a gang? * Territorial boundaries, discrimination, gangs, police force forced them into this life. No father figures, police force incarcerating black fathers * They were not able to join organized groups and as a result joined a gang to feel accepted. They did that to get some sense of family and they looked after one another, and protection, fed one another 12. How were the actions of African American residents during the Watts Rebellion characterized by media and law enforcement? How did they describe themselves? * The media and law enforcement saw it as a â€Å"riot† that it was unorganized chaos * They perceived it as a â€Å"rebellion† that they knew fully well what they were doing and that it was organized and that white people didn’t think black people had the capable thought of organizing together. 13. How is violence characterized/interpreted differently depending on who commits acts of violence? When is violence deemed acceptable/unacceptable? * LAPD/National Guard: Supposed to keep the police. * Black community: Characterized differently. * Before civil war: Black men seen as foolish. * After civil war: Seen as dangerous, naturally brutes, slavery helped civilized them, seeing as a threat to the entire social fabric (white women in particular) * Allowed justification for lynching black men by whites * 14. How does Anderson define â€Å"nation? † What are the 4 defining characteristics of the nation? * Nation: â€Å"an imagined political community – and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. † 1. Limited 2. Community 3. Sovereign 4. Imagined 15. Explain the concept of American exceptionalism. In what ways in an emphasis on American exceptionalism reflected in American culture? What founding myths promoted this idea? What two central weaknesses have criticisms of American exceptionalism focused on? * American Exceptionalism: The idea that America is unique, special, â€Å"City upon a Hill. † Essentialize American identity. Isolation from within. * Manifest Destiny: Encouraged expansion * Frontier Thesis: Rugged individualism, crucial experience, closing of the frontier, bring forth imperialism, spread freedom and democracy * City upon a Hill (society would be an exemplar of God’s will) * Weaknesses: Makes America close minded to other ways of culture or life. We believe that our way of doing things is the best and that we must spread our ideas onto other countries makes us seem imperialistic. 16. Describe how the stock minstrel show characters like the Sambo, Mammy, Coon, and Uncle were portrayed. What function did these portrayals play in Antebellum American culture? What did these images say about the institution of slavery? How did images of Black Americans (and Black men in particular) change following the Civil War? What did this reflect/justify? How was Emancipation portrayed in popular media? How were Black children, or â€Å"Pickaninnies,† often represented? What was the purpose/function of such stereotypes? * Sambo – Happy slave, docile, slave in their natural placed, used to seem to resolve the moral and political in the conflict of having slavery in a free country * Mammy – woman version of the Sambo, fat woman, docile does not have the qualities of the white woman (beauty), worked for the white man, never evoked sexual feeling, seen as the controller in their own family. Men are weak, women are strong. * Coon –ignorant black man, tries to act intelligent, dresses like a white man but acts like a fool, gambler after the civil war. * Uncle – existed before Civil War. Old slave, fond of the master’s family, loyal. After Civil War, misses slavery, goes back to visit master to reminisce * Pickaninnies – black children as animal like, always by a river, messy hair, having alligators pursuing children 17. How does the United States Constitution characterize the relationship between government and religion? How is the significance of religion, particularly Protestant Christianity reflected in American public life? * 1st Amendment talks about separation between church and state * However we always have the image of God. â€Å"In God we trust† â€Å"God bless America† â€Å"One nation under God† Presidents always reference Him 18. In what ways did the emergence of an American middle class in 19th century transform the American family? What is the Ideology of Separate Spheres? According to the Cult of Domesticity, what are the four virtuous attributes that the Victorian True Woman was expected to embody? * Body of ideas reflecting the social needs and apparitions of an individual, group, class or culture. * Women were expected to stay home and watch over the children and teach them religion while the men went out to work * Ideology of Separate Spheres: * Public: Work, education, business, economics, toughness, educated, confident, aggressive and competitive * Private: Childrearing, cleaning, cooking, seeing, submissive, kind, caring, loving, nurturing. * Cult of Domesticity: 1. Piety (religious devotion) 2. Purity (chaste/sexual purity/virginity) 3. Submissiveness (Obedient as little children) 4. Domesticity (â€Å"Home Sweet Home†, refuge for husband) 19. How does George Ritzer describe the â€Å"McDonaldisation† of society? Identify and describe the four key concepts of â€Å"McDonaldisation. † * Process of rationalization, taken to extreme levels * Culture possesses the characteristics of a fast food nation 1. Efficiency – The optimum method of completing a task. The rational determination of the best mode of production. Individuality is not allowed. 2. Calculability – Assessment of outcomes based on quantifiable rather than subjective criteria. Quantity over quality. 3. Predictability – the production process is organized to guarantee uniformity of product and standardized outcomes 4. Control – The substitution of more predictable non-human labor for human labor, either through automation or deskilling of the work force. Key Terms: 1. Semiotics – The study of signs and symbols 2. Oral History – tape – recorded historical information obtained in interviews concerning personal experiences and recollections. 3. Oral Tradition – Verbal stories passed on from one generation to the next 4. Nation (as defined by Benedict Anderson) – â€Å"an imagined political community [that is] imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign† 5. Myth – a traditional story, esp, one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, 6. Ideology- a systematic body of concepts of thinking characteristic of an individual, group, or culture. 7. American Exceptionalism – Essentialize American identity. Isolation from within. America is superior society 8. City Upon a Hill – The society that would be an exemplar of God’s will 9. Manifest Destiny – America was superior and they offered the best. Indians were primitive in comparison. As a result America expanded westward to bring education, technology, and religion and drive the Indians out of their land and bring expansion. God’s plan to expand from coast to coast. Bring progress to a virgin land 10. Frontier Thesis – Frederick Jackson Turner: The wellsprings of American exceptionalism and vitality have always been the American frontier, the region between urbanized, civilized society and the untamed wilderness. The frontier created freedom, â€Å"breaking the bonds of custom, offering new experiences, and calling out new institutions and activities. † 11. Patriarchy – social organization marked by the supremacy of the father in the clan or family, the legal dependence of wives and children, and the reckoning of descent and inheritance in the male line. Control by men of a disproportionately large share of power 12. Imperialism – The policy practice of extending the power of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining indirect control by the political or economic life of other areas. 13. Globalization – process of increasing connectivity, services are transported though borders.

Minimum Entry into Nursing

The minimum entry perquisites for nurses have been a hot issue for the last three to four decades. All through this era, position proclamations have been frequently impending from a variety of specialized associations, undoubtly the most considered being the ANA â€Å"First Position on Education for Nursing† of 1965. These statements have lead to arguments and debate, in particularly within the area of registered nurses. The argument of these diverse proclamations have been to shift official nursing education out of the service division and into educational spectrum, to propose the nature of education desired for the coming years, and to deal with projected future of the profession of nursing. In general, entry into practice has been one of the most controversial subjects regarding nursing. (Gosnell, 2002) Disagreement concerning associate degree nursing as an entrance level for registered nurses has been surfacing from the time when it was initiated. Associate Degree Nursing (ADN) education offers a vibrant trail for entry into registered nursing practice. ADN provides handy, inexpensive, excellence teaching to an assorted populace. Commenced as a research assignment in reply to communal requirements, this instruction is repeatedly developing to be a sign of confined society needs and present health care inclinations. Graduates of this program are equipped to function in numerous health care circumstances, together with societal practice sites. In spite of the pertinent important impact this teaching has had on the entry into nursing subject, Mahaffey tells that assessments were occasionally made with no noteworthy demonstration of all curriculum categories. There is a necessary requirement for addition of the influence of ADN mentors, with nurses on job, in the groupings who are conniving an apparition for nursing. (Mahaffey, 2002) References Gosnell, D. (May 31, 2002)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The 1965 Entry into Practice Proposal – Is It Relevant Today?† Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. #7 No. #2, Overview and Summary. Available: http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic18/tpc18ntr.htm Mahaffey, E. (May 31, 2002)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Relevance of Associate Degree Nursing Education: Past, Present, Future† Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. #7 No. #2, Manuscript 2. Available: http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic18/tpc18_2.htm   

Technologies coming true Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technologies coming true - Research Paper Example One of his assumptions is that he could, indeed, connect to the past and communicate with his dead father, or that he could link up with the future and connect with people trying to talk to him. According to the professor, time is flexible and it could be manipulated by twisting space. The documentary explains the possibility of using a circulating light beam to twist space and close time to a loop. The key challenge is to get laser power to twist space. The professor uses the principle of flexible time to send particles into the past. The documentary explores the link between energy, space, and time as developed by Albert Einstein. However, the professor acknowledges practical challenges that would make it impossible for the machine to connect to the past from the present moment. Various conditions have to be met in order for the professor to challenge the aspect of time as it appears in reality. It might be important to notice that some of the issues that connect to the questions a bout time are actually based on the acknowledgement of the bridge between the theoretical explanations and the practical difficulties involved. The acknowledgement of the difficulties involved in the practical possibilities of the time machine effectively distinguishes this documentary from many science fiction movies, which have always insisted on the possibility of uniting the past and the future through some technological implements born out of their own imaginations. The documentary separates the possible from the impossible by use of illustrations, theories, and explanations. It might be important to assess the similarities and contrasts between the grounds established in The World’s First Time Machine documentary and the imaginations that run through a science fiction film such as Back to the Future. Whereas the documentary attempts to provide facts about the workability of the time machine, the film begins from the imaginative point of view that already affirms such wo rkability and proceeds to explore the capacity of the machine to influence humanity and human destiny. The science fiction film, Back to the Future directed by Robert Zemeckis, effectively expands on the growing fascination about the possibility of man moving back and forth in time. The film is centered on the exploits of Marty McFly who manages to reverse the misfortunes of his family and friends by accidentally using a time machine invented by his friend Emmet Brown, a renowned scientist. McFly’s travel into the past is made possible after some Libyan terrorists kill the doc for having stolen their plutonian, which he used to power the time machine. McFly eventually learns that he is displaced from the present moment of 1985 up to the distant past of 1955. At this point, he meets his parents before they have begun dating and ensures that they are together in order to ensure the sustainability of the family. He is also able to prevent some of the happenings in the past becau se he had prior knowledge of them when he left 1985 towards 1955. For instance, he is able to protect his future father from the accident, which had brought him and his mother in love at the first place. He also meets the young Doc and convinces him to make possible his travel back into the future. During their encounter in the past, he warns Doc in a letter about his future murder at the hands of the Libyan terrorists. Doc wears a bulletproof vests and he is able to avert death. The second dramatic

How creative are the filmmakers when presenting a story Essay

How creative are the filmmakers when presenting a story - Essay Example Memento There is a usual ‘noir and revenge’ narrative behind Memento (Mottram, 2002). A husband seeks vengeance on the individual who killed his wife and left him with his condition. The police force could not be of assistance to him in finding the killer. The only aid he has is his somewhat suspiciously motivated female friend who is a barmaid. In addition, the entire plot plays in a completely ‘anonymous, bleak, and blank setting’ that puts emphasis on the seclusion of the leading role. Distinctive moods of typical film noir, for instance, isolation, loneliness, disappointment, negativity, immorality, guiltiness and mainly mistrust, can be found in Memento. In addition, the film is full of ‘noirish flashbacks’ and it has no ‘happy ending’ (Kania, 2009). It’s exclusively prepared storyline makes this movie so unique and different. Even though the narrative behind the movie is quite easy, the storyline structure is very diffi cult and smart, which requires continuous concentration of its viewers (Mottram, 2002). The memory loss issue of the leading role in addition to his confused and mostly pathetic efforts to slowly place the mystery of his wife’s killing together is cleverly connected to the way the entire story is told. The reverse storyline structure of the key plot with its ending being shown during the initial five minutes of the movie, the replacement of color and black and white sequences, and the fact that a few parts of the movie are displayed more than once, are believed to make the spectators feel as perplexed as Leonard (leading role) is. However, the closer the film gets to the closing part the less the spectators are perplexed as they can remember things that Leonard cannot. Memento is a sign of a movie that may have had a low finances, but came together with a lot of thinking, intelligence and especially persistence (Mottram, 2002). Due to the exceptional and complex approach of n arration, this movie not just ‘needs but also deserves multiple viewings’ (Mottram, 2002). Memento symbolizes an achievement of writing, directing, as well as acting. This movie belongs to the ‘neo-noir and revenge’ movie genre. One of the most significant features of classic movie noir is the plot, since all these movies had some similarities: They were all gloomy, distressed stories and they were all set in current settings of the city, or the inner-city cover. Their tales usually revolve around law and order, with strangers, entrepreneurs as well as criminals’ busy scheming vengeance or killing. The mood constantly stays the same. Classic film noir tales, regardless of their detail, are always gloomy, infatuated and packed with mysterious plan. Part of this gloom is to do with an unavoidable destiny that takes its ill harvest no matter what (Mottram, 2002). Memento has the features of ‘classic film noir’ (Kania, 2009). Frame of mind i n addition to tone, exemplified this genre. One of the methods applied is the very dim lights, which makes it difficult to understand the action. The use of nighttime as well as silhouettes is a persistent aspect of noir movies, putting emphasis on aloofness along with obscurity. In the movies, the world usually appears like a detention center, this is mostly revealed by image metaphors, ‘like sun blinds’

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement Uni 2 DB SA Third Week Essay

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement Uni 2 DB SA Third Week - Essay Example changing business environment and fluctuating costs involved in product development, it may be difficult for them to charge full-rate prices in future, which eventually may affect its profitability and productivity growth. Secondly, low-price strategy carries a risk that the cost leader, in its single-minded desire to reduce costs may lose sight of changes in customer’s tastes, eventually, the company might make decisions that reduce costs but drastically affect product demand. Furthermore, competitors’ ability to imitate cost leader by lowering their cost structure is another threats posed to Aldi, they might be beaten at their own game causing them to struggle to compete in future (Hill & Gareth 2011). Aldi stores focuses on low-cost leadership strategy to win its market share and encourage customer loyalty. The company focuses on low-income customers and offers limited amounts of product assortment, which has made them a more competitive store. The low-price strategy together with discounts offered on products by Aldi has forced other organizations to lower their prices in an effort to survive in the market. Yes, this strategy affects the amount allocated on adverting because these companies tend to keep their costs low by minimizing advertising expenses on television and the internet. These organizations tend to achieve the lowest costs possible; adverts on television and the internet are associated with high costs, which these firms seek to

World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

World War I - Essay Example Since Germany and Austria wanted a quick attack on Serbia, so that other countries would not get involved, an ultimatum was sent. When the ultimatum was sent to Serbia in July 23, 1914, which demanded Serbia to abolish all 'anti-Austrian activities', and allow Austria to investigate the assassination of Francis Ferdinand. Serbia accepted to the ultimatum, but did not allow Austria to investigate the murder. This caused Austria to declare war on Serbia on July 28. When Austria attacked Serbia, as the German leaders had anticipated, Russia prepared to attack Austria. Germany warned Russia to stop the preparation, but because Russia did not listen, Germany attacked Russia on August 1. Two days later, Germany also declared war against France, which was Russia's ally. Germany planned to invade France through Belgium, but unfortunately, Belgium refused this. On August 3, Germany invaded Belgium. The British then became involved in the war, for they had promised Belgium could be neutral, and not get involved in wars.1 In addition, the British had to join in the war because if they did not, Germany would control the continent of Europe. In less than six weeks, the domino effect had caused Serbia, Russia, France, Belgium and Britain to fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary. The WW1 fi... The WW1 finally broke out in June1914 because of an accident in Bosnia. It was the Sarajevo incident, the immediate cause of WW1. It took place on June 28, 1914. On that day, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife were shot dead by a young Serbian student at Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital. Austria considered the murder of the heir to the throne an open Serbian attack.2 Austria would be left without an heir. Although she could not find any evidence that the Serbian government was connected with the assassination, Austria still declared war on Serbia. Within two month, the war became a world war. Finally, the war ended in 1918. The Central Power included Germany had lost. The First World War lasted from 1914 to 1918 and was called The Great War or the war to end all wars until World War II started. Some scholars believe that the First World War was simply the first phase of a 30-year-long war that entailed the period of 1914 to 1945. The outbreak of the clash is often ascribed to the European alliances. Germany-Austria-Italy formed an alliance against France-Russia; Britain and Serbia supported France and Russia. In fact, none of the alliances was initiated in the early outbreak, though Russian general mobilization and Germany's declaration of war against France were motivated by fear of the opposing alliance being brought into play. By 1882, Germany was allied with Austra-Hungary and Italy, in an alliance called the Triple Alliance. Then, in 1887, they signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. Thus, Germany was allied with three major European nations and France was left isolated. In 1890, the German Kaiser set out to make Germany a major world power. He aimed to increase the number of Germany's overseas colonies.3 To do

Remote Sensing Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Remote Sensing Project - Research Paper Example They also encompass chemical sensors that are used to analyze the intensity of elements in the air, biological sensors are useful in USGS in scientific research is the initials for United States Geological Survey. Scientist who use the United States Geological Survey have the capability of capturing the landscape and learning more about its natural resources and anything else that harms it. USGS focuses on land, its use and change, ecosystems, minerals, energy, natural hazards and environmental health. Drones can be used in scientific research both during the day and night. An object can be observed, measured and identified without direct contact with the satellite. Some of the remote sensing data include multispectral data, satellite imagery, space sensing and digital elevation data. In this process of observing the earth, one needs a device called a USGS earth explorer, (Lillesand, pg.87). In this case, the earth’s data such as maps, satellite data, and land cover products are searched and found online. Remote sensing images are put in digital images. In order for the researcher to be able to get the information that he or she wants, image processing has to be done so as to get the visual interpretation of the image. (Campbell, pg.113). Commercial aerial surveillance is a major area where this topic has been applied previously. This function has been known to enhance security in homes, wildfire mapping, pipeline issues, in roads and when conducting anti-piracy. All objects on earth can be automatically detected and by this doing a scientist is able to achieve his objectives, (James, pg 200). Drones have both biometric and facial recognition systems and therefore are able to recognize a person from a height of 1500 feet. They are used in this case to patrol above 400 feet to prevent possibilities of unlawful immigration or terrorists attack from a countries

Bananas - description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bananas - description - Research Paper Example Conclusion Thesis Statement Various varieties of bananas exist in different parts of the world offering nutritional value at an affordable price. Bananas are fruits available throughout the year in tropical countries, and they come in different varieties, shapes, and colors. Bananas grow from a rhizome, stretch through a thick stem and develop flowers (â€Å"banana†). The varieties of use make banana one of the most valued crops in the world. The fruit’s nutritional value and relatively low price make it an attractive export product for countries in Southeast Asia, South America, and East Africa (Morton 37). This essay describes the taxonomy, characteristics, varieties, and food uses of bananas. In addition, the essay will give comparison and contrasts of â€Å"bananas are good for health†, versus â€Å"bananas are bad for health.† Taxonomy Bananas come from the genus Musa of the family â€Å"Musaceae† (â€Å"banana†), and the seedless, edibl e ones come from the â€Å"species M. acuminata Colla or the hybrid M. X paradisiaca L.† (Morton 30). The different species of banana provide a clue to the fruit’s geographical origins, usually found in countries with tropical climates like Brazil, India, and Indonesia. Having various hybrids further expands the fruit’s varieties and ensures continuous cultivation and propagation. Varieties The classification of bananas occurs into two principal groups namely Sucrier and Gros Michel. The Cavendish subgroup includes the Giant Cavendish, the Dwarf Cavendish, and Bungulan (Morton 35). Predominantly found in Colombia, the Philippines, and Burma, bananas from the Sucrier group are small in size, sweet, with thin skin (Morton 35). Bananas from the Sucrier group are readily consumable due to their size and taste; people use them in dessert recipes. The Gros Michel group produces bananas that are larger than the ones in the Sucrier group, are yellow in color, and usuall y found in South America, Central Africa, and the Caribbean (Morton 36). The Cavendish subgroup includes the Giant and Dwarf Cavendish, and the Bungulan (Morton37). Medium-sized, thin-skinned, and delicate, the Dwarf Cavendish, grows in China, East Africa, and South Africa. The Giant Cavendish is larger than the Dwarf Cavendish and closely resembles the Gros Michel (Morton 37). Ripening unevenly during the winter and prone to quick spoilage, Jamaicans mostly use the Bungulan for cooking. (Morton 38). Food uses The uses of bananas for food are as diverse as the available varieties and hybrids. A banana may be eaten when raw, peeled, sliced, or mixed with other fruits. Biting the soft, starchy flesh of a banana results in bursts of sweetness or undertones of tanginess. When added in dessert recipes, a banana’s flavor and mushy texture harmonize with the more crunchy and soft ingredients. Broiled or baked, ripe bananas can be served with peanuts and brown sugar (Morton 41). Fina lly, to preserve a banana, it can be boiled and immersed in a syrup mixture or fried in canola oil and served like potato chips. Nutritional Value In addition to the various food uses of the banana, this fruit possesses â€Å"high nutritional value† (â€Å"Banana†). As a healthy fruit, banana occupies a significant place in the food level pyramid. Regardless of the manner of consuming a banana, the flavorful, sweet, and starchy fruit is â€Å"full of vitamins† (â€Å"banana†). Low in fat, cholesterol, and sodium, raw bananas are an abundant source of potassium, fiber, and Vitamin B6 (Morton 43). Long, short,

Introducing Sheltered Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introducing Sheltered Instruction - Essay Example According to the research carried out by National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition, (2002), it is known that each year proportion of non- English speaking students is increasing at more rate than actual number. And many states are not up to that level to deliver language and other services that these immigrant students actually need. As per the work by Moss & Puma (1995), Ruiz-de-Velasco (2000) & Fix and Waggoner (1999), these students have less grades and high dropout rate as compared to US-born students in spite of having high attendance rate. It is evident from these studies that most schools are not satisfying the requirement of educating linguistically and culturally diverse students. To achieve high levels of educational standards and accommodate the requirement of 'No Child Left Behind Act (2001)', federal and state governments expect all students to have adjusted national and state assessments. English learners enter U.S schools with wide range of language profi ciencies and subject matter knowledge, based on their background, socioeconomic status, age of arrival and personal experiences. To succeed students with varieties of criteria the teacher development, program design, curriculum and materials, and instructional and assessment practices should be modified. This paper will address especially strategies for improving teacher development and instructional practices. Many standards have been ... High-stake test has been adopted in many states as result of 'No Child Left Behind Act (2001)'. This was benefited to English learning students as teachers and schools concentrated on overall progress, including LEP students, so as to reach benchmarks laid. In spite of these many adaptation, students exit before they become proficient in academic English due to several reasons. First reason is being standardized test designed for US born students, EL students at beginning level found it difficult to meet criteria as they can not read, write or speak English fluently. Thus program failed to confirm that EL students learn academic content primarily, with learning English. Second reason for failure of high-stack tests was lack of certified ESL and bilingual teachers. To compensate this shortage, principals started hiring less-qualified teachers, using substitutes, canceling courses, increasing class size, or asking teachers to teach outside their field of preparation. The Sheltered Instruction Approach and SIOP model The growth in numbers of students learning English as an additional language and the shortage of qualified ESL and bilingual teachers raised the need of sheltered content instruction approach. "sheltered instruction is an approach that can extend the time students have for getting language support services while giving them a jump-start on the content subjects they will need for graduation" (Echevarria, 2004, p.10). It is not a set of instruction techniques need to added or replaced by teacher's original techniques, but an approach that complements those methods and strategies. Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) model has been designed for flexibility and confirmed with wide range of classroom

Team Work Essay Example for Free

Team Work Essay Teamwork is the concept of people working together as a   to achieve the underlying objectives of the organization. TheTeam must have a clear vision of each of these short-term milestone goals as well as their impact on the long-term business goals of the organization. In many organizations today people working by themselves in achieving the overall objectives of the organization cannot accomplish certain goals and usually require people to work together with others due to its complexity, interrelatedness and the voluminous of the tasks undertaken. In fostering there is no one individual who owns a work area or process all by themselves, people should be open and receptive to ideas and input from others in the Team . The values of teamwork should be shared among the members of the team while compensation and rewards should depend on collaborative practices as much as individual contribution and achievement. It is important to identify   and thereby set a benchmark to the rest of the teams. However before embarking on , conflicts of all kinds should be resolved within the organization. Apart from the required technical expertise, a variety of social skills are essential for success in aTeam culture. The Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing model (Bruce Tuckman, 1965) takes the team through four stages of TEAM development. These phases are essential and inevitable in order for the team to grow, to face up to challenges, to tackle problems, to find solutions, plan the work effectively and deliver the end results. However there is a need to establish and develop collaboration and trust between team members vis a vis interactive exercises, team assessments which will enable teams to cultivate effective team building strengths amongst each other. Modern society and culture continues to become more dynamic and the factors contributing towards this include the communications revolution, the global market, specialization and division of labor. Thereby individuals are now required to work with many different groups of people in their working environment and also the personal lives. Successful Team that creates effective, focused work teams requires attention to the following areas mentioned in Figure A.   Empowerment is the process of giving an opportunity or authorizing an individual to take decisions, think creatively and have a control of his/her duties in an organization. It is the responsibility on the organization to create a work environment, which helps the desire of employees to act in empowered ways. Top management of organizations has a very important role to play in making employee empowerment successful. Initially the managers need to understand what empowerment really means; and thereby establish boundaries for empowerment, in the event of the managers absence, the decisions that could be made by staff members should be clearly defined; Managers should also build faith and trust on their decisions made by their employees; further managers should coach, train and provide necessary information and learning opportunities for staff to make effective decisions. They should tackle situations wisely and not blame or punish their staff for minute mistakes to avoid employees flee from empowerment, The organizations should ensure that they remove barriers that limit the ability of staff to act in empowered ways. Employees should be motivated in terms of compensation, recognition and responsibility in order to drive success of empowerment. The Flow Chart below depicts the increasing role for employees and decreasing role for supervisors in the decision making process in today’s context. The supervisor makes the decision and cascades it to the staff The supervisor makes the decision and obtains commitment from staff The supervisor invites idea’s into a decision while retaining authority to make the final decision The supervisor invites employees to join him/her in order to make the final decision The supervisor delegates to another person to make the necessary decisions. This is only where empowerment steps in.   British American Tobacco (BAT) came into light with one objective; to seek market leadership in all countries where a market existed. BAT’s expansion to Ceylon was in 1905. Ceylon Tobacco Company (CTC) Limited continued it’s Sri Lankan operations and was incorporated in 1932. Between years of 1990 – 1994, a self assessment was conducted and CTC identified the following lacunas such as lack of overall direction, lack of awareness on business issues, discontinued management team, departments functioning in isolation and in disciplined environment. After which the management identified Key initiatives and actions such as knowledge management, people involvement, culture change, gaining confidence of unions/employees and improvements in productivity via practicing concepts of Teamwork, industrial harmony etc. During the period 1995 – 1996 CTC focused on building Trust within the company employees by adapting Teamwork throughout the organization, extensive training for shop floor employees, common time entry system, common recreation facilities, common social events etc. During 1997, shared vision and mission with focus business strategy, re-engineered business processes, multidisciplinary cross functional project teams, extensive training and education, creation of a winning culture, industrial and non industrial benchmarking and focus on continuous improvement.

Competition in Indias Textile Industry

Competition in Indias Textile Industry Factors behind increasing competition in Indian textile industry and strategically approach to gain competitive advantage globally. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The textile industry plays a pivotal role in the Indian economy. The country has produced legends such as Dhaka muslin, which was woven so fine and light that it could pass through a finger ring. But what is significant today is that this sector contributes substantially in providing employment and earning foreign exchange. The country is rich in natural resources such as cotton, jute and silk. The textile industry is the second largest employer, after agriculture, with a total workforce of around 35 million. India is next only to China among the worlds largest producers of textiles and garments. The industry is the largest foreign exchange earner, as the import content is insignificant compared with those of other major export products. Its contribution in exports is nearly 20 per cent. How many of us know that 85 per cent of the handlooms in the world are produced in India? The number of handlooms in the country is four million. The activities in textiles range from the production of natural raw materials such as cotton, jute, silk and wool to the manufacture of quality products such as cellulose fibre, synthetic filament and spun yarn. This is, perhaps, the only industry that is self-reliant and complete in value addition — from raw materials to the highest value-added products (Warrier, 2007). The textile industry occupies a unique place in our country. One of the earliest to come into existence in India, it accounts for 14% of the total Industrial production, contributes to nearly 30% of the total exports and is the second largest employment generator after agriculture. Textile Industry is providing one of the most basic needs of people and the holds importance; maintaining sustained growth for improving quality of life. It has a unique position as a self-reliant industry, from the production of raw materials to the delivery of finished products, with substantial value-addition at each stage of processing; it is a major contribution to the countrys economy. Its vast potential for creation of employment opportunities in the agricultural, industrial, organised and decentralised sectors rural and urban areas, particularly for women and the disadvantaged is noteworthy (www.economywatch.com). Against all these merits, an expert’s lament goes: It is difficult to find such a large-scale industry in the country that is so disorganised as the Indian textile industry. The industry is often plagued by obsolescence, unhealthy regulations and problems of labour. This emphasises the need for strengthening the management mechanism in the industry, to face the emerging international challenges. Common sense administration has its in-built constraints in a world where scientific management decides the destiny of industries in the modern global scenario (Warrier, 2007). The textile industry in India will face intensified competition in both their export and domestic markets. However, the migration of textile capacity will be influenced by objective competitive factors and will be hampered by the presence of distorting domestic measures and weak domestic infrastructure in several developing and least developed countries (www.economywatch.com). The challenges from global competition demand a scientific approach from properly trained management professionals who have specialised in this sector. Sickness and inter-sector contradictions that are a bane of the industry have to be solved through a wise approach and well-calibrated steps, to ensure healthy growth. Managers who are trained in traditional management disciplines will take a long time to get themselves familiarised with the special problems of the textile scene. A strong and competent cadre of trained mangers will help the continuous upgrading of knowledge and skills, fulfilling the need for maintaining a cutting edge in the world of intense competition (Warrier, 2007). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The proposed research intends to examine the increasing competition in Indian textile industry by focusing on the factors that have led to intense competition in the industry and formulate strategies that would help firms in the industry to gain competitive advantage at the global level. The key objectives of the research are identified as following: to identify the factors that have increased competition in Indian textile industry; to examine the nature of competition in Indian textile industry; to develop competitive strategy and provide recommendations to firms in Indian textile industry, so as to sustain the competitive edge in the global market. LITERATURE REVIEW Competitiveness: Definition Competitiveness is a widely used term and there are many definitions of it. The approach taken to competitiveness in this report is a pragmatic one, with the general idea that competitiveness means success in markets that translates into general increases in welfare(National Competitiveness Council Secretariat, 2006, p.1). The main concerns with respect to competitiveness arise from the developments of world markets. The main tendencies in international trade include rapid growth, globalisation, the growth of regional blocks, and the growth of foreign direct investment (National Competitiveness Council Secretariat, 2006). For the company, competitiveness is the ability to provide products and services as or more effectively and efficiently than the relevant competitors. In the traded sector, this means sustained success in international markets without protection or subsidies (Porter, 1990). Indias competitiveness Over a decade has passed since India embarked on liberalisation. There has been no dearth of fervent declarations affirming Indias determination to acquire the capabilities that will add to its competitiveness and enable it to be counted among other recognised global players (Gupta, 1998). However, has India been able to cash on inherent and acquired advantages in terms of competitiveness? Three different bodies assign three different grades to India: The 1999 World Competitiveness Year Book, compiled by the Switzerland-based International Institute for Management Development (IIMD), shows that Indias ranking in international competitiveness, evaluated by applying 287 criteria, has gone up by two points from being 41st out of 46 countries in 1998 to 39th out of 47 countries in 1999 (Nancy, 1999). The survey conducted by the Geneva-based World Economic Forum (WEF) for 1999 puts India in 53rd position of 59 countries in its Global Competitiveness Report, down from 50 in 1998, and 45 in 1997 and 1996. It uses 179 indicators under eight heads (openness, government, finance, infrastructure, technology, management, labour and civil institutions). The World Bank, which appraised the competitiveness 46 countries in 1999, places India in the 40th rank. In all these three evaluations, the rankings on certain specific parameters are more worrisome than the overall figures. Indias weakest areas in all the surveys include: uncertainty in government policies; infrastructural deficiencies; unsatisfactory corporate and financial management of both private and public sector enterprises; inept corporate boards; insufficient attention to human development; low productivity; undependable quality; inadequate customer orientation; and negligible investment on RD, with special reference to information technology. India is the fifth largest country in terms of gross national product (GNP) and purchasing power parity (PPP). It constitutes one of the fastest growing markets in the world and is counted among the richest with regard to cheap skilled labour, scientific and technological resources, and entrepreneurial talents. Therefore, the above image of India is quite enviable. To improve the competitiveness of Indian organisations on product design, quality and on-time delivery it has become necessary for them to look for innovations that produce maximum efficiency both within and beyond their operations (Sahay, 2000). Supply chain management is an integrating philosophy to manage the total flow of a distribution channel from supplier to ultimate customer. It is the management of upstream and downstream relationships – both within and beyond their operations – with suppliers and customers to deliver superior customer value at less cost to the supply chain as a whole. Effective supply chain strategies for creating competitiveness revolve around the on-time delivery of competitive quality goods and services, at a reasonable cost, involving the right business partners (Easton, 2002). Business challenges in the twenty-first century The information age competition has ushered in a new set of challenges for business competitiveness (Luftman, 1996). These include: Understanding customers. There is no escaping the fact that the customer in todays marketplace is more demanding, not just of product quality, but also of service. As more and more markets become in effect commodity markets, where the customer perceives little technical difference between competing offers, the need is for the creation of differential advantage through added value. Hence, it is increasingly becoming important to understand customers needs and wants and to translate these into a unique value-added business mission. Managing time compression. Time is the primary competitive motive of business in the 1990s. This does not mean, however, that other motives such as cost, quality, and service can be ignored. In fact, these are pre-requisites to sustain competitiveness. But the winning factor is provided by time-based competition, which becomes the highest priority to gain responsiveness and flexibility. Product life cycles are shorter than ever before, industrial customers and distributors require just-in-time deliveries, and end-users are ever more willing to accept a substitute product if their first choice is not instantly available. Mastering mass customisation. The driving force behind the importance of responsiveness and flexibility is the need and the wish to respond to virtually any customer request just in time. Mass customisation offers a viable solution. It involves the delivery of a wide variety of customised goods or services quickly and efficiently at low cost. The key to making mass customisation work is highly-skilled and autonomous workers, processes, and modular units, so that managers can co-ordinate and reconfigure these modules to meet customer specific customer request and demands. Mastering mass customisation is the step towards gaining a competitive edge and is driving new business models. Undertaking globalisation. There is an increasing trend towards globalisation. Almost every sector of business is influenced by global forces due to globalisation. In the global business, materials and components are sourced worldwide, manufactured offshore and sold in many different countries, often with local customisation. The challenge for the global company, then, is to achieve the cost advantage of standardisation while still catering for the local demand for variety. This has given rise to intense competition blurring the boundaries between domestic and global markets. Business, therefore, can no longer act as an isolated and independent entity in competitive world, the real test of competitiveness takes place in international markets (Salcedo and Grackin, 2000). There is a need to create value delivery systems that are more responsive to fast changing global markets and much more consistent, focused and reliable. Competitiveness and Textile Industry Clothing manufacturing in many developed countries has almost disappeared, probably more quickly than the ATC signatories imagined. The Japan Textile Importers Association now estimates that 87 percent of clothes on sale in Japan are imported: the American Apparel and Footwear Association estimates 89 percent of US clothes. Nonetheless, the apparel industry in rich countries is fundamentally different in 2002 from what it was in 1994, and this change affects the way in which the political debate around further liberalization is likely to occur (Flanagan, 2003). The countries India and Vietnam are viewed as strong competitors in future market share of textiles and apparel. Trade relations with Vietnam were non-existent in 1993. Since that time, a desire for closure to the war sees initial trade relations established. Thus, the data may be misleading due to this fact. India has been among the largest producers of cotton fiber since the days of yore. In the past India would export low-value items such as fiber or yarn to developed nations, which produced and manufactured fabric for clothing. However, because the profit margins are highest in the fabric and assembling for the apparel supply chain, the realization dawned to integrate vertically. India has emerged as a major sourcing base of cotton clothing worldwide and most of the leading US retailers such as Gap, J.C. Penney, and Nordstrom have set up sourcing offices in India (Tyagi, 2003). As government policy has become more strongly oriented towards trade liberalization, the industries have become progressively exposed, through multi-lateral and bilateral deals, to the full force of international competition from a growing array of international suppliers. At the same time, the emergence of large, sophisticated retail groups together with intense retail competition has found retailers exercising their bargaining leverage by squeezing suppliers for lower prices, and higher levels of service and product innovation. There has also been an increasing trend among large retailers to source direct or use foreign intermediaries (Flanagan, 2004). Market needs have become more changeable and fragmented, and consumers have become more discriminating with regard to product novelty, quality and value. Technological change has resulted in a broadening and a deepening of the financial and intellectual resources textile and apparel companies need to compete. Companies have been faced with making heavy investments in new technologies against the background of poor profitability, uncertain competitive outcomes and difficulties in gaining access to capital at non-discriminatory rates (Kilduff and Priestland, 2001). METHODOLOGY Research Design The statement regarding the nature of the problem identifies concepts that have to be explored and that would influence the data collection methods, the subsequent data analysis and reporting that would influence the data collection methods, the subsequent data analysis and reporting that are required (Hakim, 1997). In the light of this assumption the researcher meets with the task of constructing a research design, and analysing and interpreting data. The design of research study is based on the purposes of the research, if explanatory information is needed then a quantitative research is likely to be undertaken and if exploratory information is needed, then a qualitative research may be taken (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). So far as the proposed study is concerned both exploratory and explanatory information is needed for getting the clear picture of the study problem, therefore both qualitative and quantitative research methods will be applied in the proposed study. Data Collection Methods In academic study the two most common methods of data collection are primary and secondary (Saunders et al, 2004). Therefore in the proposed study also both secondary and primary data collection methods will be applied. The sources of secondary data in the proposed study will be academic journals, trade magazines, Government of India Textile Ministry Reports, Indian Textile and Clothing Exports Association Reports, Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) Reports, Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) Reports and various other related private and public reports. The primary data collection follows the procedure of data collection through interviews, questionnaires, observation, case studies, diaries, portfolios etc. In fact, such data is called primary, because it is the initial step, which the researcher has to take in order to begin research. The researcher can use one or more than techniques specified above to collect the data in the present study questionnaire based survey technique would be applied for collect primary data (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). This technique is found instrumental in generating and quantitative data. For questionnaire based survey 25 managers (as sample) will be selected from Mumbai (India) based textile firms. TIME PLAN BIBLIOGRAPHY Easton, R. (2002), Seizing the supply chain opportunity in Asia, Ascet, Vol. 4. Flanagan, M. (2003), Let there be no doubt: quotas will go – almost everywhere, Apparel Sourcing in the 21st Century, pp.3. Flanagan, M. (2004), The ground rules for sourcing after 2005, Management Briefing, available at: www.just-style.com, No.February. Gupta, R. (1998), From liberalisation to liberation, paper presented at the 25th National Management Convention, All India Management Association, New Delhi, . Hakim, C. (1997), Research Design: Strategies and Choices in the design of Social Research, 5,Routledge, London. Kilduff, P.D.F. and Priestland, C. (2001), Strategic Transformation in the US Textile Apparel Industries, A Study of Business Dynamics with Forecasts up to 2010, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, . Luftman, J.N. (1996), Competing in the Information Age: Strategic Alignment in Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Nancy, L. (1999), World Competitiveness Year Book: methodology and principles of analysis, World Competitiveness Year Book 1999, IMD, Lausanne, . Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations. (New York: The Free Press). Sahay, B.S. (2000), Supply Chain Management in the Twenty First Century, Macmillan India, New Delhi, . Salcedo, S., Grackin, A. (2000), The e-value chain, Supply Chain Management Review, Vol. 3 No.4, pp.63-70. Saunders, M. Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2004) Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall Inc., London. Schiffman, L.G. and Kanuk, L.L. (2000), Consumer Behavior, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Tyagi, R. (2003), Apparel globalization: the big picture. [Online] Available on 5th October, 2007 from URL: www.allbusiness.com/manufacturing/apparel-other-finished-products-made/4400793-1.html Textile Industry. [Online] Available on 5th October, 2007 from URL:http://www.economywatch.com/business-and-economy/textile-industry.html National Competitiveness Council Secretariat, 2006, What is Competitiveness?. [Online] Available on 5th October, 2007 from URL:http://www.wtoconsultation.ie/ncc/reports/ncc/what.htm Warrier, B.S. (2007), Weaving out managers. [Online] Available on 5th October 2007 from URL: http://www.hindu.com/edu/2007/04/24/stories/2007042400050200.htm

Neglect and Decay in Joyce Carol Oates Haunted Essay -- Joyce Carol O

Neglect and Decay in Joyce Carol Oates' "Haunted" â€Å"Things in the world even those built by man are so quiet left to themselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  People futilely fight the decay of life and relationships in an attempt to find beauty and goodness in the world. Joyce Carol Oates masterfully illustrates this theme in her short story â€Å"Haunted.† Oates reveals the protagonist Melissa’s desperate struggle with looming forces like the physical environment, her twisted relationship with her best friend, and even the insanity in her own mind. Oates utilizes imagery, symbols, and metaphors to show the downtrodden state of the countryside in which Melissa and Mary Lou live. Mentioning it several times throughout the story, Oates uses glass as a major symbol signifying the once beautiful structures which become ugly and useless in neglect. In all of the houses Melissa and Mary Lou explore, there is broken glass underfoot and windows which have been smashed. â€Å"Slippery like water,† the glass foreshadows the danger of Melissa’s mind finally shattering. Oates also describes Mary Lou’s eyes as blue â€Å"lik...

The Western Lawman :: American America History

The Western Lawman The west was filled with various characters ranging from cowboys, bandits, bar owners, and ultimately the law. The different attitudes towards men of authority during the western era can be seen through the national radio show of Gun smoke. The knowledgeable, caring, and just sheriff of Dodge County named Matt Dillon portrays many societal roles as he is faced with perplexing situations. Through three episodes of Gunskmoke, the reoccurring theme is that Matt Dillon is the law, the judge, and often the jury. The rise of the west needed a figure of authority and Matt Dillon was that symbol. He was the first person the lawbreakers saw and also the last they wanted to meet. Yeah, weve met Throughout the three episodes of Gunsmoke it can be seen that Dillon is a very knowledgeable person. When a towns person comes and informs Dillon regarding a certain situation, he normally knows who they are or someone related to him. Not only is he aware of whom they are but also their tendencies, whether they are humanitarian in nature or just a plain drunk. During the three episodes of Gunsmoke, Dillon was faced with solving cases in which a murder took place. Dillon knew those who were involved as well as the likelihood of that same person committing the crime at hand. It can be seen through this incident that the western lawman is knowledgeable about his surroundings as well as the various possible suspects. Pope was a good man, he wouldnt do this In the first episode of Gunsmoke, Dillon speaks to a frightened resident who fears the invasion of Indians on his property. Dillon advises the man named Pope to acquire a gun and shoot if they came to close. When the Indians came, Pope shot one dead. However Dillon found out that it wasnt Indians but rather a group of drunken men playing a practical joke. Through this story it is evident that Dillon was very compassionate to Pope by listening to his problem and advising him. Dillon was also kind and patient to the men who played the wrongful joke. It can be seen through this incident that the western lawman is caring and understanding. Im still the law in Dodge Dillon was also very just when it come to the law. The main theme of these three episodes was the portrayal of Dillon playing the role of investigator, judge, jury and lawman.

All My Sons by Arthur Miller

Larry’s letter is instrumental in forcing Keller to realise his fault. Discuss (20M) All My Sons a play by Arthur Miller was staged at the coronet theatre in January 1947 and ran for 328 performances. The play was well constructed and realistic in nature, and it was extremely popular among the audiences. All My Sons started in the middle of things and spends most of the play uncovering the facts of the past so that the audience can see the last act consequences in the present.The play actually deals with the fate of Joe Keller, an uneducated self-made man who has committed an atrocious act during World War II. The play ends with the suicide of the Joe Keller who repents after being exposed with the content of his son Larry’s letter. As mentioned earlier, Joe Keller is an uneducated self-made man who has committed an atrocious act during World War II. Keller has as partner Steve Deever and their factory manufactures cylinder heads for aircrafts. During the war, they rece ive a contract from the army to supply cylinder heads on an urgent basis.However the cylinder heads had hairline cracks in them and Keller is immediately informed by Deever. But Keller asked Deever to get the cylinder heads welded and that he would take full responsibility of the damaged products. Unfortunately those damaged cylinder heads cause twenty-one planes to crash killing their pilots. However at the trial Keller denies responsibility and is exonerated, and the blame shifts to Steve Deever who is imprisoned. Following that Joe Keller lives in total impunity with his family.However when he is confronted with the content of his son Larry’s letter, he is forced to realise his fault. In fact Larry’s letter was intended to his fiancee Ann, in which he reveals that he was shamed by his father’s involvement in fraud and profiteering. Consequently he committed suicide by allowing his plane to crash. However the content of the letter was kept secret by Ann becaus e of her selfish motive to get married to Chris who is Larry’s brother. Moreover she did not want to break the harmony of the home of her would be in laws.But finally the content of the letter is revealed to Kate Keller by Ann because the former is still refusing the union of Ann and Chris. Consequently Ann uses the letter as her trump card to save her future union with Chris and the letter forces Kate to accept to accept Larry’s death and her husband’s crime of killing twenty one pilots. Moreover Chris is also made aware of the content of the letter and is unwilling to forgive his father. Consequently Joe Keller is confronted by Chris and based on the content of Larry’s letter, Joe keller is compelled to reveal the truth of the case to Chris.Joe Keller tries to justify his acts by arguing that he had worked in the interest of his family. But Chris being an idealist condemns the act of his father. Finally Joe Keller realises his fault and understands the disastrous implications of his actions. In order to escape from guilt and repay for his crime, he commits suicide. To conclude, it can be said that the Larry’s letter is indeed of prime importance in making Joe Keller realise his fault, but who unfortunately has a tragic end.

How Dickens uses language Essay

There is a variety of repetition in the passage. Phrases like ‘Dead and Buried’ are repeated to remind us, as readers, that most of Pip’s family is dead. The word ‘buried’, suggests that it happened some time ago and that he never knew them, which makes us feel pity and sympathy for the character. Pip talks about his life in the marsh country, where he resided by the river and near the sea. This could possibly highlight how Pip (small like a river), may be connected to something greater than he could’ve ever imagined (like the sea). Dickens also uses some interesting vocabulary, with fascinating imagery in this passage. For example he describes the sea as a ‘distant savage lair’. The word ‘distant’ tells the reader that there is an unknown, oncoming threat. The word ‘savage’ suggests it was over powerful and violent. Finally, the word ‘lair’ implies a dangerous place, where victims are taken to be devoured. This shows the reader that Pip is not safe, and seems to be in grave danger. Alliteration is another technique which Dickens has input in the passage. The phrase ‘low leaden line’, (which describes the river), is a good example of this. Rivers are supposed to be an aquatic blue colour, but Dickens describes it as ‘leaden’, which is a depressing grey colour, suggesting a bleak setting. Finally, Dickens uses third person in the passage, although this is questionable. In one sentence, Pip goes from narrating as an adult in the 1st person and then switches to the 3rd person, where he looks back at himself as a small child. This is because he is in utter disbelief at how lost he was, which is effective as the reader feels confused, just as Pip would have as a small child.

My Bestfriend

What do you think with your best friend’s appearance, personality and the feeling you have they to be your friend? In my opinion, â€Å"Friend† is really important for me. I can live without computer and TV but I can’t live without †friend† the person who is sharing my mood with me whenever I’m happy or sad and I found â€Å"her† my really best friend who has nice appearance , good personality and I’m very happy that I can be friend with her. My best friend is Vianney.She’s cute, good looking and not talk too much with the person that she isn’t known very well. When you see her first time you might think she’s hard to get along with but actually if you understand her well, you will know that it isn’t like what you see. She has a good smile, big eyes and pretty long hair that will let people want to be friend with her when they see her. In addition, Vianney is a responsible person. She always takes care of her jobs well and finishes the work on time. She’s hard working and organized.She can manage the time very well and everything is in her schedule. Moreover, she’s reliable sometime I’ll talk to her some secrets and she can keep the secret very well and won’t talk to others. I think she is a really nice friend. What is more, Vianney is a really good friend for me. She’s the person who understands me well. She’s always beside me when I’m upset, listen to me and help me every time when I need help. When I have problem she will give me some advices and help me to solve the problem.Even when I don’t understand in the lesson she explained patiently for me to understand every time. I think I’m really lucky that I have met Vianney and I’m very happy we are friend and I think we will be friend forever. To summarizes, I think Vianney is a nice person. She has good appearance, personality and I’m very happy that I can be friend with Vianney who is cute, responsible and always help me in everything. Finally, I think friend is really important for me and I hope we can be friend forever.

Analyzing why difficulties arise in intercultural communications Essay

In analyzing why these difficulties arise in intercultural communications, Sheryl L. Lindsley (assistant professor of communication at California State University, Stanislaus), put forth four layers of intercultural communication in 1999: The first layer is the â€Å"macro-context,† which includes the economic and political situations in which the communications occur. A good example is the domination of Mexico by the U. S. , while at the same time increasing Mexico’s revenue made possible by NAFTA (Jennifer Peltak, n.d. ). Lindsley’s second layer consists of individual competency or incompetence, in regard to bilinguals who are generally the bridges to communication. In terms of intercultural businesses, if the bilinguals harbor their own stereotypes of the other culture, some problems cannot be overcome. The third layer is comprised of communicative behaviors. This is in the perception category; using Mexican/American relations as an example, Lidsley identifies expectations on both sides as a potential problem in negotiating. Mexicans tend to keep conflicts private and save face in public, where Americans have no problem resolving conflict in public, and then acknowledging privately that there are no hard feelings. The fourth layer individual attribution to meaning. In the case of preconceived stereotypes, the listener can misinterpret the speaker’s intent because of the mind set barrier. Messages can be perceived selectively, reinforcing cultural stereotypes. While this information may cast a better light on solving or minimizing obstacles to intercultural communication, if we look on the broader scale of business relations, a critical problem emerges; people, no matter what culture, have become a means to an end rather than an integral and important part of a company. This became very obvious in the 1990’s when more companies went global and acquisitions and mergers occurred. In 1993, Business International published the key factor for international business failure: cultural differences (Charles Gancel, Chilina Hills, 1997). To avoid this problem of collapse of the infrastructure of an international company based on a shift in the balance of power and the inaccessibility of remote teams geographically dispersed, Gancel and Hills recommend three fundamental conditions: 1. Clarifying the objective (the company’s philosophy, protocol and methodology must be clearly understood). 2. Negotiating its implementation (in a complex structure, introduction and implementation of systems does not need to be imposed. Some of the systems can be designed and negotiated by those that will be applying them, incorporating the needs of the culture involved). 3. Accompanying change (managers being trained in intercultural relations, informed of their new culture’s way of communicating and imparting information). Last, nonverbal communication and the method by which information is given are important to note. While Americans and many Europeans have no problems asking for and receiving feedback or suggestions from corroborators, a Chinese or Indian individual would see this practice as a personal affront. This is but one example of cultural differences in the workplace. Management that will be working abroad should have a through knowledge of the culture they are about to enter and work within. Along with this verbal exchange, it is important to understand that certain gestures or even forms of eye contact are offensive or insulting to another culture. In order to get the most from the foreign work force, understanding the culture, even having a coach within the new culture is imperative in order to achieve a smoother transition. While intercultural communications will always have its problems and comical blunders, it need not be so painful. Understanding another culture is, now more than ever, the key to successful negotiations from the individual to the corporate level. Works Cited Brislin, Richard. â€Å"Encouraging depth rather than surface processing about cultural differences through critical incidents and role plays. † Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. Center For Cross Cultural Research, Western Washington University. N. d. , 23 April 2006 http://www. ac. wwu. edu/~culture/brislin. htm Burgess, Guy & Heidi. â€Å"Language Differences. † Conflict Research Consortium, University Of Colorado. 1998 – 2002, 21 April 2005 http://www. colorado. edu/conflict/peace/problem/langdif. htm Gancel, Charles & Hills, Chilina. â€Å"Managing the pitfalls and challenges of intercultural communication. † Communication World. December 1997, 22 April 24, 2006 http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4422/is_n1_v15/ai_20219196 Jones, Anna & Xuan Quach. â€Å"Intercultural Communication: For Students In the Faculty Of Economics and Commerce. † University Of Melbourne. 2004, 22 April 2006 tlu. ecom. unimelb. edu. au/pdfs/intercul_comm. pdf Peltak, Jennifer. â€Å"Intercultural communication problems are best seen via multiple levels. † National Communication Association. N. d. , 23 April 2006 http://www. natcom. org/pubs/CM/cm699. htm.

Health and Social Care Level 3 Essay

Objectives: All learners should be able to define basis of discrimination. All learners should be able to explain basis of discrimination Most learners should be able to demonstrate discriminatory practice Some learners should be able to describe effects of discriminatory practice. Basis of discriminatory Culture A person’s culture is important to them and identifies who they are in the world. In health and social care profession, respecting a person’s culture is important for all concerned. It also important to health and social care professionals because they see the benefits of their care value base which underlines respecting and individual’s culture Disability In health and social care you will work or support people with various disability. This disability Act status it unlawful to discriminate against someone has disability. Are covered include: employment, access to goods, facilities and services of organisation, education etc. Age Age discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of their age without justification or harassed because of their age. Controversies regarding dispensing of expensive drugs to older people because of shorter life expectancy. Denying a person a drug is illegal. Social class Our social class is apparent from where we live. The higher the class the better place is kept and maintained. The poor are more likely to get cancer than the rich and their chances of survival are poor. Human rights emphasises that everyone should be treated equally and with dignity no matter of their circumstances. Gender A person cannot be discriminated because of their gender. Health and social service should not discriminate unfairly due to a person’s gender. Equality rights of access, health and social care rights must be adhered to. Sexuality Sexual orientation can be referring to a person who is attracted to another person of the same sex. E.g. gay and lesbian. Discrimination against someone due to their sexual orientations against the law. Health status Taking into account the cost of treatment and the expected quality of life after treatment and overall life expectancy, people taking these decisions should always keep their own assumptions and prejudices. Family status This is lead to a variety of discriminations: against gay/lesbian parents, single parents, parents of different genders, parents from different race with mix race children and other family grouping

How to start a new business venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

How to start a new business venture - Essay Example The entrepreneurs have to take multiple troubles for making their new business into a profitable venture. The success of a new venture mainly depends on the entrepreneurs’ skills and success of the new products. According to the Councils to America’s Small Business, Score, during 2008, â€Å"there were  627,200 new businesses,  595,600 business closures and 43,546 bankruptcies† (Score, 2010). Therefore, the risks involvements in a new business are very high due its vulnerability in the new market. However, in order to combat with such issues, entrepreneurs must consider a number of tasks before starting a new venture. Effective planning for plausible set of market strategy is one of the most crucial tasks for an entrepreneurs and for this a comprehensive marketing analysis and research is mandatory task (Longenecker et al, 2005, p. 147). This paper will attempt to present marketing mix strategies for a new venture based on the situational analysis in respect of proposed business plans. 2. Background of Scenario This business report deals with the formulation of marketing mix strategy for a new venture of private medical clinic in Birmingham. The private medical clinics offer wide ranges of health care services by taking care of the out patients. As this business associated with the people heath services, it is very necessary to offer a high quality of services to its patient. Besides the high quality services, marketing strategies are very important to promote the brand name in the health care market of Birmingham. Birmingham is a popular city of West Midlands county in England. This primary objective of this paper is to offer a set of plausible marketing mix strategies to the new private clinic supposed to be started in the Birmingham city. In this process, the health care market of Birmingham city as well as the entire UK needs to be assessed for identification of the target market. 3. Situational Analysis 3.1. Marco-environmental Fac tors Any industry and its players are supposed to be influenced by the multiple macro-economic factors which are uncontrollable external forces. Assessment of macro-economic forces is very necessary to evaluate the viability of new business. In this regard, PEST models are very useful which analyse the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological impact on a certain business (Allen, 2008, p.114). These factors are analysed below in respect of the new venture for private medical clinic. 3.1.1. Political The stable political system of UK is a major strength for the growth of a business. The chief of the state is the Queen and head of the government is the Prime Minister and it is responsible for regulating the business and health care related issues. The department of Health, UK is the apex body in regulating the heath care sectors of UK who develops proper legal frameworks (Department of Health, 2011). Besides, the Birmingham City Council is also responsible to regulate the Birmingham city’s affair. 3.1.2. Economic Stable economic condition of UK is also major requirements of the success

Consumer Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer Psychology - Assignment Example When you think of a candy, the brand should produce saliva in your mouth. M & Ms had created their popular slogan " Melts in your mouth, not in your hands", to activate the memory of the buyer to think of their product. In the case of Hershey's they have all along been associating their flagship brand Kissables, with popular shape, but with different sizes and colors, more particularly with their signature wrapping. The Associative network model of memory is the common way that the consumer researchers have conceptualized the organization of brands and brand related information in memory. (Curtis P. Haugtvedt, et al, 2008) That way both these candy marketers have applied well the activation models of memory in creating their brand equity. Activation models can primarily of two types, viz., discrete and continuous. Discrete activation models help remembering the utility of the particular product right at the time of buying and continuous activation models create growing interest in the minds of the consumer to buy that product at times of need [Yantis S, Meyer CE, 1988, 26-02-2009()] This is a war of brand equity. And, at the root of these marketing effects is consumers' knowledge. In other words, consumers' knowledge about a brand makes consumers respond differently to the marketing of the brand. The study of brand equity is increasingly popular as some marketing researchers have concluded that brands are one of the most valuable assets that a company has [Wikipedia, 26-02-2009()] Hershey's Kissables has a brand image with its signature wrapping. However, the CEO of the Company wonders if the comfort level of the consumer was reduced in the process of unwrapping the candy and so the consumer might choose a some other brand that would make the candy instantaneously melt in his mouth. So, he plans to shift the pattern of wrapping. The advantage part of it is that it might work. It is easy to unwrap and it is spoken high time immemorial. On the other hand, as the question itself suggests, it might take away the customer who is used to buy Kissables for its tight wrappers. Hershey's must take strategic efforts to introduce this change.. Kenichi Ohmae has very beautifully illustrated in his book 'The mind of a Strategist', as to how the roll film maker changed its less attractive brand name, first by introducing a new specification of 16 exposure film. Perhaps, Hershey's should promote the product in terms of good slogans activating the memory of the consumer as t o how the same standard is provided, with an additional advantage of easy unwrapping. 3 How might Hershey's use a nostalgia campaign to promote Kisses and/or Kissables In the political scenario, nostalgic appeals are a way to channel contemporary anxieties [ Michael Schaffer, 26-02-2009(http://www.tnr.com/politics)] This is true with regard to consumer behavior as well. The company is 100 years old and enjoys a nostalgic reputation all throughout. It was in existence even when sliced bread had not come into existence. Even

Accident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Accident - Essay Example For days while the driver is facing this terrible situation, his father is calling many friends and community leaders to try to get them help. The father is upset as he believes strongly that the situation is not his son’s fault and he finally finds a lawyer willing to represent the case. The attorney is a respected businessman who is kindly waiting at the courthouse, ready to do his level best to defend the driver. Though glad to have help, it is a very hard day at the court since everyone being seen by the judge is a killer. The driver feels very strongly that he is being compared to very violent criminals by the authorities. Fortunately the judge informs the driver that if he does not get into any kind of legal trouble over the next year, he will not be punished for the accident. This was very good because he is obviously so very nervous that the court will not believe that it was the riders fault. The driver agrees to stay out of trouble for a year which he claims is not much of a problem since he has never been arrested before. What a very lucky driver to have support and not have to go to

EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS FOR HISPANIC STUDENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS FOR HISPANIC STUDENTS - Essay Example Ð s bilinguÐ °l students first intense encounter with the English lÐ °nguÐ °ge Ð °nd with Ð mericÐ °n culture Ð °nd society, schools must overcome sociÐ °l Ð °ttitudes opposed to the sociÐ °l Ð °nd Ð °cÐ °demic development of bilinguÐ °l leÐ °rners. Successful schools creÐ °te Ð ° productive Ð °cÐ °demic environment Ð °nd Ð °n Ð °ccepting community. Ð lthough schools cÐ °nnot chÐ °nge the sociÐ °l reÐ °lity, they cÐ °n creÐ °te Ð ° different society within their wÐ °lls. Getting to know the students Ð °nd their fÐ °milies Ð °s well Ð °s welcoming their lÐ °nguÐ °ges Ð °nd cultures cÐ °n build Ð ° coherent community where the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m becomes Ð °n integrÐ °l pÐ °rt of the school. Improvement of bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms necessitÐ °tes fundÐ °mentÐ °l chÐ °nges within the whole school becÐ °use the overÐ °ll quÐ °lity of the school will Ð °ffect the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m. For the most pÐ °rt, good bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms exist within good schools. To creÐ °te Ð ° sound context for bilinguÐ °l leÐ °rners schools should set cleÐ °r goÐ °ls, creÐ °te Ð ° bilinguÐ °l biculturÐ °l society, integrÐ °te the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m into the school community, know the bilinguÐ °l students, provide leÐ °dership Ð °nd support for the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m, set high expectÐ °tions for bilinguÐ °l students, hire quÐ °lity personnel willing Ð °nd prepÐ °red to work with bilinguÐ °l students, estÐ °blish productive pÐ °rtnerships with pÐ °rents Ð °nd communities of the bilinguÐ °l students. Commitment of principÐ °ls Ð °nd mÐ °instreÐ °m stÐ °ff to the progrÐ °m Ð °nd the students mÐ °kes it possible for bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms to be integrÐ °ted into the whole school. Ð ll stÐ °ff Ð °nd not only the bilinguÐ °l stÐ °ff should be responsible for the bilinguÐ °l students educÐ °tion. In turn, the bilinguÐ °l stÐ °ff should pÐ °rticipÐ °te in generÐ °l school Ð °ctivities Ð °nd decision mÐ °king. When curriculum improvement or speciÐ °l progrÐ °ms Ð °re introduced, the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m should Ð °lso be included. RegÐ °rdless of

Should juvenile be tried as adults Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should juvenile be tried as adults - Case Study Example After Jory and Jeremy left Scorchers the four men followed them to their car, where they attacked and robbed them. The scene turned violent when the men shot both Jory and Jeremy at point blank range. The suspects fled in a stolen car. Jeremy was shot in the head and shoulder and later passed away. Jory, shot in the back of the head, remained in critical condition at Metro Hospital, with bullet fragments lodged in his body. Seventeen-year-old Rafael King turned himself in the next day, and the police soon arrested the other three suspects in connection with the shooting. Rafael King was the youngest of all the suspects in the case, but had a long criminal history from the time he was twelve-year-old boy. Rafael is now awaiting trial for his role in this violent incident. The question has been raised whether Rafael should be tried as an adult or be given the considerations afforded a juvenile. When making the decision as to the appropriate court to try teenagers that are under eightee n, we should consider a certain set of standards before trying them as an adult. One of the first considerations that are examined in the case of a juvenile, potentially tried as an adult, is the type and severity of the crime. Cases that are exceptionally violent or result in a death are often the ones most likely to be sent to adult court. Children as young as 12 years old have been tried as adults in some states, and "nineteen states allow capital punishment for 16- and 17-year-olds, and more than 70 juvenile murderers are on death row" (Grace). According to Hernandez, "If a juvenile commits one of 30 felony offenses spelled out in the law, ranging from murder to witness intimidation, the law allows prosecutors to send the case to adult court" (3). This is an indication that the public is willing to lower the age requirement when a capital crime or serious offense is involved. According to Steinberg, "Most reasonable people agree that a small number of offenders should be kept out of the juvenile system because they pose a genuine threat to the safety of othe r juveniles, because the severity of their offense merits a relatively more severe punishment, or because their history of repeated offending bodes poorly for their ultimate rehabilitation" (1). The severity of the crime brings in several aspects and considerations. As Steinberg points out, housing a criminal that is capable of heinous violence is beyond the capability of the juvenile holding system. They are minimum-security facilities that are not designed for maximum security situations. There can be no reasonable expectation that the public will spend the millions of dollars required to overhaul the juvenile jails and make them more secure. It is more likely that they will continue to transfer these cases to adult court, where they can be housed without being a threat to the juvenile population. While the current crime and its magnitude is a prime consideration, the juvenile criminal's prior record needs to also be examined. If there is a long history of criminal activity that includes violence, then this could be a candidate for a transfer to an adult court. The philosophy behind the juvenile court system was to provide an environment where a youthful offender could be rehabilitated and reenter society as they grew into adulthood. State laws call for juveniles to be released at the age of 18 or 21 years old, and the juvenile records are sealed. In this way, the offender is given a

PICOT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

PICOT - Assignment Example The third option that we would use as a heading is â€Å"How guardians and parents treat HIV patients below the age of 12 years.† In many cases, it is advisable to use key words in the title only making sure of certain sequences in the order. For example, our search key words can include â€Å"HIV positive†. In advanced search, we can add extra words outside the topic, such as â€Å"incidents of HIV infections in children below 12 years with parents or care givers disclosed to them†. We can then introduce a similar search title but making sure we change the â€Å"Disclosed† clause with not â€Å"disclosed†, then we can compare between the two results in the comparison statement. Alternatively, we can use another field such as the authors of the sources of information from the databases, the dates of publication, the cities of publication and extended titles of journals. A combination of the extra fields with the title eventually provides us with a clear picture of what is required. It generates relevant and almost exact results that our PICOT project require or multiple results from which we can select the most relevant options, except is the search engine does not find any in the particular database. In the latter case, we move from the current database to a second or a third one and follow the same search procedure. We reduce the number of search results by creating search criteria to make our query more specific. If we use a particular field such as the title and the author name, we can apply Boolean limiters like â€Å"AND†, â€Å"OR† and other selection options such as â€Å"Equal to†, â€Å"Not Equal to†, â€Å"Greater than†, â€Å"Less Than†, â€Å"Containing† and â€Å"Not Containing†. With this establishment, the search results will be specific since they have to satisfy unique requirements based on the criteria. EBSCO sub headings heading are applicable in this case since they are simply an extension of

Transgender Children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Transgender Children - Research Paper Example They are transgendered children† ABC News, 2007 The terms ‘sex’ and /or ‘gender’ are used loosely and interchangeably, in today’s society, with respect to describing an individual’s gender, despite the fact that both the words have a completely different meaning, which is distinct from each other. The word ‘sex’ refers to the biological categorization of an individual into ‘male’ or ‘female’ gender, based on their reproductive organs. Gender on the other hand, is more of a social construct, and is a term coined and used by the society to classify and describe an individual typically ‘male’ or ‘female’, based on social gender descriptions of the two (Morrow & Messinger, 2006). One of the most common misconceptions with regard to the definition of the term ‘gender’ as applied by the society, refers to the fact that it is an integral part of our existence and ident ities, and that it assigns social status to newly born, at the time of their birth. The society as well as our surrounding environment such as parents, plays a key role in shaping and influencing our attitudes towards what constitute gender, and inculcate socially acceptable gender norms, by interactions with the children and is reflected in the type of toys or clothes bought for the male and the female child. Such behavior on the part of the child’s immediate environment tends to teach the ‘appropriate’ and acceptable manner of leading their lives, and teaches them to behave in a ‘gender appropriate’ manner. The term ‘transgender’ as applied in contemporary society, is an umbrella term which is used to describe individuals with gender identity issues, and display a non-conformist behavior / attitude with regard to the same, i.e., an individual, biologically born as a male tends to behave as a female trapped in a male’s body and v ice versa (Morrow & Messinger, 2006). The transgender children often insist of being born in the ‘wrong body’ (ABC News, 2007). Research questions: The key research questions addressed as a part of this study include: What does it mean to be transgendered? What are the key causes behind such gender identity issues? Are there any cures for the same? But most of all this study aims to emphasize the gravity of the issue, and delve further into the complex social and psychological implications of transexualism and its impact on the children and those around them. In order to seek answers for the above listed questions, a qualitative research method - secondary data analysis, is used, whereby data from academic and clinical journals, books, and other primary resources such as government websites and newspapers are used. 2. Literature review 2.1. Understanding Transgender Children: The term 'Transgender' refers to people who have serious gender identity issues and have diffic ulty associating and correlating with the biological sex they are born with. Such individuals do not suffer from any genetic abnormalities (Lee & Houk, 2006). Transgender children suffer from gender identity issues wherein the boys are often seen more comfortable with associating themselves with girls, dress like them and even play with dolls, display stereotypical feminine traits and vice versa (Brill & Pepper 2008). Research indicates that children normally begin to develop gender identity around the age of three years (Cohen-Hettenis & Arrindell, 1990. This theory holds true even in case of transgender child

Road Design Essay Example for Free

Road Design Essay Due to the fast development of many countries like Japan, there is a significant increase in number of manufactured vehicles and these vehicles may come from different prices that can be purchased by any people. But this increase had been responsible on the formation of the word traffic which means congested vehicles in the road. Traffic is the term used by many of us when experiencing jam packed vehicles where there is no or little movement of this mobile medium. Traffic happens in every street in the world even those industrialized countries. It is often observed on crunch time like seven o’clock in the mourning or five in the afternoon because these are the time of the day when people are mostly in the street to go to office, school or go to their houses (Ewing, 2001). It is not only the motorists sector that can be blame because of traffic jam because there are many factors to be considered why traffic jam occurs in the road. One factor to be tae into consideration is the road. It is self explanatory because this is where vehicles go by. For this paper, we will try to look on the road factor that can be a solution on traffic jam. Moreover, the design of road will be taken into consideration which has the main objective of lessening traffic situations. METHODOLOGY Road design will cover all the necessary procedures that will lead not only to comfortable and safe driving but also giving a solution on traffic calming (Ewing, 2001). First to tackle in this paper is the engineering factor. To construct a road, the foundation or soil must be firm enough to stand the compression stress brought by the weight of vehicles. Survey must be conducted first prior to the construction of the road to ensure strength of the foundation. If the ground is not stiff enough to stand the compact force, the road maybe damaged compromising the quality of the constructed road. If this happens, then traffic may arise because vehicles may not pass the road in a better and nicer route (TAC, 1999). The next factor that is part of the design is the materials to be used in the construction. It is very important to consider that the materials must comply with the national standards. This is to ensure the quality and safety factor of the newly constructed road. The road must be wide enough to facilitate the volume of vehicles passing a particular road. After the road has been constructed, the next part to be discussed is the road signals. These signs ease the flow of traffic because these are steps to follow for a harmonious flow of vehicles in the road. It is very important to remind the motorists that these road signs are not useful if motorist will not obey these road signs (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). Put a board sign that specify the name of the roads and streets so that drivers can follow the directions thus minimizing confusion among the drivers. The information that are very important in a sign boards are, the name of the street, the distance from a place to another place, directions of intersections and other sign like no parking, no jaywalking and many others. The sign board are located in such a way that every driver whether the driver has big or small vehicles, see to it that it can be seen by the driver’s naked eye. It can be situated on top of a post and being hanged. Signs are also present in the road itself. These sign, that are mostly painted, guides the motorists or in somehow communicate to have a fast flow of traffic and improving the safety factor. These pavement markings must comply with the set of standards to minimize confusion on drivers (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). Stoplights must be present in any road especially on intersections. This is to signal the vehicles from a given route to stop, go or get ready. But most traffic incidences can be observed on intersections because there are four opposing routes that goes in just one passage. One solution for this problem is the construction of a flyover that will facilitate a one pair of route. We know that there are four routes that want to pass an intersection, but in flyover, the four will be grouped into two making the four groups into two only. In this way, traffic will be minimized. And the last factor is the design of allocating different kinds of vehicles to behave in the street. There are public utility vehicle that transport public people from place to place. When loading or unloading their passengers, there must be a specific place where the driver can do these and not anywhere in the road (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). The design of road just not only covers the physical or engineering aspect but more importantly are the laws that will favor the good flow of traffic and safety. These laws include, not allowing motorists to park their vehicles in the street. This will create a narrow road for the passage of other vehicles. There must be a strict enforcement so that motorists will obey traffic rules (TAC, 1999). ANALYSIS OF DATA After constructing the road and has the characteristics presented from the previous paragraphs, the next thing to do is to analyze the traffic condition. This is to determine whether the road achieved the main objective of this study which is to lessen traffic. For the data gathering, one must observed the road in terms of number of vehicles that was able to pass by on the road. The time of observation must include crunch time which is seven in the morning and five in the afternoon. The observation must be done everyday for one month. The data gathered must be compared to standard which determine whether traffic occur. FORMAT For the format of the result and discussion, the raw data must be presented first. In this part, some statistical analysis may be included to increase the reliability of the result of the study. The result and discussion part will include the data from the start of the study until the last day. There must be also a comparison between a road that was not constructed in accordance to the characteristics above and a road the followed all the factors above.